Situating Urban (City) Resilience within the City-Region

Networking Session by INDÈ at the Global Gobeshona Conference-2 • Apr 01, 2022

Being a member of the Adaptation Research Alliance, ARA (a global, collaborative effort to increase investment and opportunities for action research to develop/inform effective adaptation solutions) and an ARA Micro grantee, Integrated Design (INDÈ) was invited to organise a networking session at the Global Gobeshona Conference-2 (conference theme: exploring locally led adaptation and resilience for COP27). The networking session was titled ‘Situating Urban (City) Resilience within the City-Region’ and was held on 1 April 2022.

Session Overview


Mapping natural geography across landscapes, this networking session questioned the binary structuration of rural and urban that is popular in plan and policy development. While this structuration is widely and distinctively used as enquiry points and analytical frames to varyingly provision the people and places within these binaries, in effect, urban and rural are intrinsically linked. Even as the impacts of globalization, structural transformations of the economy and the recent climate change and attendant vulnerabilities manifest across these binaries, more than ever before the conventional divide between the agrarian rural and the industrial and services urban is blurring. Thus, in addressing questions around urbanisation and climate induced vulnerability and resilience, the rural-urban binary becomes a limiting factor.


This session through expert presentations and free flowing discussions aimed to position the city-region (irrespective of the urban and the rural) and attendant restoration as the canvas for systemic adaptation at all scales. Premised on the established urban-rural linkages, the discussions also explored how decentralised modes of thinking and acting can fuel action (and by extension policy feedback) in enhancing the resilience across at the multiple scales- city region scale (which cuts across the binary structuration), or at the sub-city scale. In doing so, the session explored ways and methods of acknowledging and foregrounding traditional knowledge and the every-day lived experiences as critical entry points to achieving locally led adaption towards resilience. The session panellists were Aninhalli R. Vasavi (Punarchith), Anna Taylor (Research fellow with the African Climate and Development Initiative), H.S Sudhira (Director, Gubbi Labs), Mariana Vidal Merino (Coordination Hub, Plan Adapt) and, Anjali Karol Mohan (Partner, Integrated Design).


Discussion


Setting the city-region as a potential canvas for adaptation, one of the key issues that the discussion brought out was the social, economic, and natural distress in rural areas induced by unprecedented urbanisation; cyclically and adversely affecting both the urban and the rural. There is often an ‘adverse integration’ of the rural world- inclusive of its production, labour and resources- into the larger political economy leading to expropriation of rural labour value, resources, and embedded knowledge systems. This adverse integration renders rural hinterland as highly vulnerable sites to climate change impacts. 


The rural distress brought in by urbanisation was also further discussed in the session through examples of water resource management in the South African context. An exploration of the various natural and anthropogenic flows into, within and from cities (through a water metabolism approach), revealed various ‘dials’ that can be turned into positive or negative directions to manage the resource. Sustainable and inclusive resource management at the city region would necessitate an understanding of the actors who can influence these dials, and how these influences can be reconfigured to shift resource management from an approach based on competition to one based on solidarity and care. There is an urgent need to shift resource management from a ‘command and control’ to a more ‘bottom up’ approach where urban and rural communities work together to rehabilitate and conserve critical resources that they share and rely on. The session called for a need to change the relationship between urban and rural societies from that of ‘adverse integration’ to one of solidarity and care. While researches from across the globe pointed to existing frameworks for rural forums for protecting and managing resources (like ground water), a good conception or practise of what such forums could look like in urban areas is absent. To this end, the session pointed towards the potential role of local political representatives in mobilising users in urban areas which have highly diverse and contested demands for resources like water.


In the context of sub-national governance systems, the session illustrated cases of ‘entrepreneurial bureaucracy’ where public services like water supply, power, and transport are corporatized by the state and become highly techno managerial (New Public Management approach). This leads to lack of accountability, increased monopoly, reduced role of elected representatives, and lack of public participation. In such a governance context, the positioning of an effective agenda to address climate change impacts at different scales becomes highly ambiguous. The discussion called for a need to promote decentralised, democratised, and convivial forms of natural resource conservation rooted in and drawing from local knowledge systems and skills.


Through the example of Tamale in Africa, and Ranchi in India, the session explored ways and methods of acknowledging and foregrounding local initiatives (like urban agriculture), traditional knowledge and the every-day lived experiences as critical entry points to achieving locally led adaption towards resilience. While initiatives like urban agriculture has the potential to address increased emissions and food insecurity, these areas are under constant threat due to unsupportive governance systems (with limited capacity and corruption) and lack of formal mechanisms to practise the same.


Illustrated through the case of Ranchi, the session also foregrounded the importance of traditional knowledge systems in managing resources and the insights that it can offer in the present day context of increasing climate change risks. There is an urgent need to construct, communicate and institutionalise bottom-up planning scripts (as supplements to the top-down planning processes) that foreground the restoration and reparation of natural landscapes (and by extension socio-cultural) disruptions/ fragmentations to bridge inequalities in the urban. Traditional and local knowledge systems and lived experiences – historic and contemporary – could become potential pathways to inclusive planning.


The current discourse on climate change is increasingly recognising the value of locally led initiatives and traditional knowledge systems in adaptation and mitigation. This increased interest is already translating into climate finance in promoting adaptation and mitigation initiatives at the local scale. At the same time, climate action plans at the national and sub national levels are continuing to gain traction. Positioning these interests in a hierarchy reveals the limited significance rendered to the municipal or local government scale – a scale that has the potential to integrate and speak to the local and national/sub-national initiatives. This scale has the potential to acknowledge, collate, and integrate local knowledge systems within its policy and planning exercises through participatory and ground-up pathways.


At the same time, it can feed into and draw from climate action plans at the sub-national and national scales. The robustness of governance mechanisms at the municipal scale can ensure that the adaptation and mitigation efforts (local and national) do not fall into disconnected silos and impede effective impact.

India Urban Lab: Ranchi Workshop

By Integrated Design • 14 Jun, 2022
Theme: Water Resilience: Fostering integrated approaches at the region, city, and settlement scales

Bangalore Needs Elite + Mass Activism to be Effective

By Dr. Anjali Karol Mohan • 04 May, 2020
The online magazine SustainabilityNext carried an article by Benedict Paramanand titled “Has Fatigue Set into Civic Activism in Bengaluru?” The article caught my eye amidst the Covid 19 humdrum as I was looking for alternative news. I have been actively engaged in the debates around the (ill)growth and mis(management) of Bangalore for over two and half decades in my capacity as a professional planner straddling civic society, public policy circles and academia. The article revived in my mind some thoughts and suggestions that I articulate here. The attempt is not so much to answer the question, as it is to understand the shortcomings and limitations of civic activism in steering the complex politico-socio-economic and cultural layers that make up a vast conglomeration like Bengaluru. A disclaimer here merits mention. The premise that no individual stakeholder, public or private, has the knowledge and resources to tackle the wicked problems underpins successful governance arrangements. What this premise implies, by extension is that all stakeholders – public or private – have limitations. Civic Society (CS) is one amongst the numerous stakeholders that have a role – by no means a lesser one- to play. Yet, there are limitations to this role. While these limitations are embedded in the very nature of operation of the CS, there are conscious ways and means of overriding some limitations to move towards a larger impact. Bridging limitations is a critical need. Much of what I articulate while contextual to Bengaluru, perhaps holds true for civic activism across domains and geographies. To begin with, a critical question requiring reflection is the difference between civic activism and the much advocated (in (good) governance debates) Civic Society Organisation (CSO) engagement. These generally get clubbed in one category – while in theory and practice, that is not the case and therein lies the first limitation. Activism defined as direct vigorous action especially in support of or, in opposition to, one side of a controversial issue is willy-nilly an act of reaction. Reaction often leaves little space for taking distance and exploring the systemic cause of the challenge – the challenge itself sets the agenda. In contrast a proactive engagement of the civic society, through progressive partnerships while also triggered by a challenge is different in that the challenge is anticipated and therefore the agenda is set by civic society themselves. In Bengaluru, protests against the state-imposed flyover (# steelflyoverbeda ) and elevated corridors (# TenderRadduMadi ) is an example of the former. In contrast, the long-standing work on the ward committees which has seen some traction in the recent past – albeit slow and tardy – is an example of the latter. Having started as a proactive CSO engagement, the movement for neighbourhood planning and governance through ward committees (# NammaSamitiNamagaagi ) in the recent past has bordered on being reactionary, thereby hinging on activism. Although an ‘always proactive approach’ is not possible, given the capacity of our government to spring surprises, it is critical that the CS begins to move towards a proactive stance. There will always be a non-uniform interplay between being reactive and proactive. A second limitation, linked to the first, is the lack of capacity of the CS to act on relevant and practical evidence. This will require the CS to open their doors and develop progressive partnerships, including partnerships with policy makers, professionals (note that I do not use the word experts) and academia. An all-time reactionary mode of operation allows neither for collaborations nor evidence. Evidenced advocacy and conversations require domain knowledge (experienced domain knowledge is even better) which can facilitate knowledge production and mobilization. Activism hinges on passion (amongst other drivers) which is not the same as domain knowledge and knowledge mobilization. Both passion and domain knowledge have a role, yet the two can neither replace each other nor should be confused. Rather, passion that pivots on evidence and knowledge is a double-edged sword, one that has the capability to steer reactionary behavior to an informed proactive engagement. Such a move will serve to, over a period of time, course correct policies that are currently influenced by dominant political structures, electoral volatility and elite capture, as against being evidence based. A third limitation that needs consideration is the nature, purpose, goal and objective of the civic society coalition/group. Most often mobilisation is around a seemingly common purpose, goal and objective. For instance, groups that coalesced against large infrastructure projects as mentioned above or the demand for footpaths and public transit (# BusBhagyaBeku ) and sub-urban rail (# chukuBukuBeku ) are not homogeneous. It is often a mixed bag as against an imagined and perhaps desired integrated unit. Underpinning this pursuit of collective goals and objectives are individual desires, identities (which in themselves are multiple), beliefs, perspectives and previous experience, all of which are critical drivers, often leading to fragmented voices. This fragmentation notably, also derives from the inability to use evidence or domain knowledge. Elitist Activism Furthermore, activism in itself is and can be elitist. When linked to high levels of access it can be potentially hampered by what is referred to as ‘elite capture’. There are two types of activism: elite activism stemming from mobilization of charismatic individuals capable of getting their voice heard. Mass activism, in contrast, is where the general public, the haves and the have-nots, mobilize collectively. The two are not mutually exclusive, although both are critical. Barring a few occasions, Bengaluru’s activism has been elitist with a few voices that can access public policy corridors and therefore get heard. Consequently, consciously or unconsciously there is a leveraging of public policy for personal or limited gains (to a neighbourhood or a community). Activism is a luxury that not everyone can afford. Those who can afford it have a dual responsibility of using it to build bridges by roping in knowledge and experience on one hand and ensuring inclusion by creating spaces and opportunities for mass activism, on the other. The current modus operandi lacks on both counts. These shortcomings have led to what is being referred to as limited success, although limited from whose lens and success for whom is an additional enquiry, one that merits a separate post. What I do concur with is that at best the city has seen some cosmetic changes. Let me take the same two examples the article uses to demonstrate a going forward beyond cosmetic progress. First are the lakes in Bangalore that have seen a fair bit of activism. In many neighborhoods, thanks to the many charismatic residents, lakes have been claimed as better maintained natural resources. But for the initiatives of a few citizens, many lakes would have morphed into real estate projects. Yet, the same groups have done little to engage the larger neighborhoods to ensure that these natural resource ‘spaces’ become public ‘places’ for the neighborhood and the city. This would require a proactive engagement in identifying the larger neighborhood and the numerous linkages – backward and forward – that this neighborhood has had and can nurture with the lakes as public places. The second is the Tender Sure roads pioneered by Bengaluru. The implementation of Tender Sure roads is progressing incrementally moving from a pilot in the city core to radiating outwards in various directions. Putting aside the debates on the efficacy of the design as well as the appropriateness and relevance of the idea, the incremental implementation is marked by controversies on the criteria to shortlist roads such that both the visibility of and utility to the neighborhood and the city can be maximized. This too has not happened. Both these examples offer a critical insight: that the activism (and the few instances of engagement) has not translated into a thinking city. Changes are still hovering around the thinking individual. The transition to a thinking city is an emerging imperative, one that demands systemic change along various dimensions, some of which I have discussed above. To sum-up, sustained and big bang change as against cosmetic and incremental change is the need of the hour. It requires at the outset, one, more proactive engagement and less reactive activism; two, passion combined with experienced domain knowledge to trigger evidenced advocacy and change; and, three a less fragmented approach through creating meaningful spaces for mass activism along with the existing elite activism that the city has. While there may be numerous ways to act on these three, the Ward Committee space offer a ready platform for proactive action, evidence-based advocacy and wider participation. Arguably, this space is rife with political contestations and may seem a daunting challenge, yet, an engagement within this space is a surer foot forward. Clearly, there is a passion amongst Bangalore’s elite to be part of something bigger and this is a moment to be seized.

A clash of plans for Bengaluru

By Dr. Anjali Karol Mohan • 30 Jan, 2020
Bengaluru is subjected to yet another plan—one that aims to, yet again, make the metropolis liveable. Interestingly, yet again, the plan is opposed by various stakeholders, including citizens. The reference here is to the draft Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) by the Department of Urban Land Transport (DULT) and the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL). The fate of the Revised Master Plan (RMP) 2031 and the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policy is no different. Both faced stiff opposition and continue to be in the draft stage, with little or no information on their status. The CMP evoked a massive signature campaign initiated by citizen activist groups questioning, one, the legality of who is the rightful owner of the plan; and, two, opposing the elevated corridor project that is reintroduced with a budget allocation. Interestingly, the RMP 2031 and the TOD policy were also questioned on the legality of the institution preparing it – the BDA vs the Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC) for the former and, the DULT/ BMRCL vs the Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) for the latter. Thus, contestations on who should be rightful owner and driver continue to gain momentum. In reality, the three are not separate from each other. Master Plan, Mobility Plan and TOD are intrinsically connected parts of a larger whole and can deliver effectively only when they inform each other. In their current forms, this is the gravest lacuna, one that is rooted in misaligned institutions and their inherent lack of comprehending the larger urbanisation footprint, on the one hand, and the principle of subsidiarity, on the other. Mobility planning As per the National Transport Policy, a CMP should be a long-term vision for desirable accessibility and mobility for people and goods while not compromising economic, social and environmental sustainability. Contrast this with the Bengaluru CMP’s vision: ‘Efficient and Sustainable Transportation for All.’ Mobility and transportation are not synonymous. While transportation is about moving vehicles and people, mobility connotes access. Mobility planning requires a ‘people focus’ to ensure quality of life for citizens through easy access to places of work, entertainment, schools, hospitals, etc. It calls for an integration of the existing and proposed land-use with transportation, i.e. an integration of the Master Plan and Mobility Plan. The CMP uses the RMP 2031 as the starting point. Multiple policy guidelines recommend that the Master Plan should locate activities in a manner that encourages low-carbon mobility. The Mobility Plan, in turn, should facilitate access to activities. Thus, an intrinsic, iterative connection—via the TOD policy—between the CMP and the RMP 2031. What this implies is that the three should have been prepared in conjunction. Not only does the CMP come a good two years later than the RMP 2031, strangely, the thought of mobility planning is being initiated at a time when several transportation plans are underway, the Metro being a significant one. The CMP, while reviewing the RMP 2031 for land-use integration, suggests that the latter be revised to adopt the corridor [transport] driven strategy. Notably, the RMP 2031 discards the transport strategy for a differential strategy. The latter proposes varying interventions for the different zones that the city showcases. Furthermore, the suggested strategy of the CMP is premised on future developments and redevelopments to be guided by TOD to ensure work-home integration. It suggests TOD-led redevelopment and urban renewal strategy for the core area which, the RMP 2031 is not in favour of. A conundrum that gets exacerbated with every new planning instrument. Jurisdiction conundrum The CMP adds to the already messy and confused understanding of jurisdictions. The ‘study area’ that the CMP defines is completely arbitrary or, at best, emerges from a rudimentary understanding of cities and mobility. It is neither Bengaluru city, nor its local planning area. Worse still, it is not the city-region. This new jurisdictional layer will further fragment an already fragmented and siloed approach to the city. Transportation and transit have a regional character. Hence mobility plans, to ensure coverage of the catchment area of commuting trips to and from the city, should consider the city-region. Fortunately, Bengaluru metropolis is one of the few that has a well-defined region. This is ignored by the CMP in favour of a study area that comprises of bits and pieces of various jurisdictions. Sorting out the conundrum over which institution should prepare the plan, for what jurisdiction and timelines requires an urgent notification of the MPC with an embedded UMTA, although at the regional level. This is critical to address the urbanisation footprint. That all three—RMP 2031, CMP and the TOD—are still drafts is, in effect, an opportunity for meaningful alignment. Animated discussions around ward committees as platforms for future planning will operationalise the subsidiarity principle.
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